{"id":12398,"date":"2019-05-28T08:54:30","date_gmt":"2019-05-28T08:54:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kiencang.net\/?p=12398"},"modified":"2019-05-29T05:00:02","modified_gmt":"2019-05-29T05:00:02","slug":"tu-bi-voi-ban-than","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kiencang.net\/tu-bi-voi-ban-than\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n: Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m thay th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>B\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n\/t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n (self-compassion). T\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n bao g\u1ed3m ba th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh: (a) nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh (self-kindness) &#8211; th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn hay th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i thay v\u00ec \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n qu\u00e1 kh\u1eaft khe (self-critical), (b) t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i\/l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o (common humanity) &#8211; nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (larger human experience) thay v\u00ec nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn ch\u00fang t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp (separatin and isolating), v\u00e0 (c) ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m (mindfulness)- gi\u1eef nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111au kh\u1ed5 trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng thay v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c (over-indentifying) v\u1edbi ch\u00fang. T\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 tr\u1ea7m t\u01b0 (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m). V\u00ec t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau, n\u00ean n\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 luy\u1ebfn, t\u1ef1 cho m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 so s\u00e1nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c duy tr\u00ec l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng (self-esteem). S\u1ef1 li\u00ean quan gi\u1eefa t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u00e2m l\u00fd kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t, m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u00f3m ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng trong l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn trong b\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u00e0y.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe t\u00e2m l\u00fd ch\u00ednh (primary measure of psychological health). L\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng, b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n (self-worth), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 (judgments) v\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh (comparisons). Nh\u01b0 William James \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh t\u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n (t\u00f4i l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?) so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1eb7t ra (th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ed1t?) trong nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c (vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ecfi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng). L\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng c\u00f2n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n (ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c qu\u00fd m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o, h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec1u hay \u00edt?), \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00fd tr\u1ecdng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi. So s\u00e1nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (social comparison) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ed5 sung c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh t\u00edch\/s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<p>L\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng cao \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ca ng\u1ee3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong c\u1ea3 gi\u1edbi h\u00e0n l\u00e2m l\u1eabn b\u00e1o ch\u00ed l\u00e1 c\u1ea3i &#8211; d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y L\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng California). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng th\u1ea5p li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 t\u00e2m l\u00fd ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c l\u00e0 kh\u00e1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y, tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m, v\u00e0 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 s\u00e1t, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng cao l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c ch\u1eefa b\u00e1ch b\u1ec7nh nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn n\u00f3i. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, v\u00ec l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i cao. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, ngay b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng cao c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e1 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 y\u00eau th\u00edch b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ef1 luy\u1ebfn (narcissism), c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ch\u1ec9 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n (self-absorption), coi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m (self-centeredness), m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e8m m\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 hay c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c trong s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh\/nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n (self-knowledge), g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n cho vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Mong mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng cao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng cao (ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng th\u1ea5p) m\u1edbi li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ngo\u00e0i nh\u00f3m. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, nh\u01b0 Baumeister c\u00f9ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn, \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng b\u1ecb &#8220;th\u1ed5i ph\u1ed3ng&#8221; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng g\u00e2y h\u1ea5n\/hung h\u0103ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111e d\u1ecda c\u00e1i t\u00f4i\/l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m thay th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng\/t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafn (self-respect), t\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0o n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n (self-efficacy), l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5, ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1 t\u00ednh. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay th\u1ebf h\u1eefu \u00edch kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m quan tr\u1ecdng trong tri\u1ebft l\u00fd Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o &#8211; l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n\/t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n\/t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 nay, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1edbi m\u1ebb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ebd s\u1edbm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp). Th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 qua \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t t\u0103ng gi\u1eefa Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n nay c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 m\u1edf ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c b\u1ed5 sung v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra xem kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n\/t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n gi\u00fap m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh d\u00e0nh cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng xem qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh mang l\u1ea1i l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n\/t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng gi\u1eefa l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n\/t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd. V\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n, n\u00ean b\u00e0i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft thay v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m. Song, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_60 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >M\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\" role=\"button\"><label for=\"item-6577d6c88566a\" ><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input aria-label=\"Toggle\" aria-label=\"item-6577d6c88566a\"  type=\"checkbox\" id=\"item-6577d6c88566a\"><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/kiencang.net\/tu-bi-voi-ban-than\/#1_Tu_bi_voi_ban_than_la_gi\" title=\"1. T\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n l\u00e0 g\u00ec?\">1. T\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/kiencang.net\/tu-bi-voi-ban-than\/#2_Ba_khia_canh_cua_long_tu_trac_an\" title=\"2. Ba kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n\">2. Ba kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/kiencang.net\/tu-bi-voi-ban-than\/#3_Long_tu_trac_an_va_cac_cach_tiep_can_tam_ly\" title=\"3. L\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u00e2m l\u00fd\">3. L\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/kiencang.net\/tu-bi-voi-ban-than\/#4_Long_tu_bi_voi_ban_than_so_voi_long_tu_trong\" title=\"4. L\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n so v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng\">4. L\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n so v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/kiencang.net\/tu-bi-voi-ban-than\/#5_Long_tu_bi_voi_ban_than_va_chuc_nang_tam_ly\" title=\"5. L\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd\">5. L\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/kiencang.net\/tu-bi-voi-ban-than\/#6_Nhung_khac_biet_ve_long_tu_bi_voi_ban_than_theo_ca_nhan_va_nhom\" title=\"6. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n theo c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m\">6. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n theo c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/kiencang.net\/tu-bi-voi-ban-than\/#7_Ket_luan\" title=\"7. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn\">7. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Tu_bi_voi_ban_than_la_gi\"><\/span>1. T\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a &#8220;l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n&#8221; c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 &#8220;l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi.&#8221; \u00a0L\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9ng\/\u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00f2ng khi th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ch\u1ecbu kh\u1ed5, m\u1edf ra nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ed7i \u0111au c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh hay ng\u1eaft k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac nh\u00e2n h\u1eadu \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi mong mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea1m sai l\u1ea7m, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f9ng h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1eafc sai l\u1ea7m chung c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Do \u0111\u00f3, t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00f2ng v\u00e0 c\u1edfi m\u1edf v\u1edbi n\u1ed7i \u0111au c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh hay ng\u1eaft k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ed7i \u0111au \u1ea5y, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n mong mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng t\u1ed1t, s\u1ef1 t\u1eed t\u1ebf. T\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00f2n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p v\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ed7i \u0111au, s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u1ea1i cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1eaft khe v\u00e0 kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecd quan t\u00e2m, ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1. Tuy s\u1ef1 nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 cao t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1i\/thuy\u1ebft duy ng\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00f4n (egotism), s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 bu\u00f4ng th\u1ea3\/nu\u00f4ng chi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n (self-indulgence), ho\u1eb7c t\u1ef1 coi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n\/t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 coi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m\/v\u1ecb k\u1ef7. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac t\u1eeb bi v\u00e0 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. T\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c coi tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n nh\u01b0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5, th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi &#8211; bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh &#8211; \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi. B\u1edbt ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ta b\u1edbt ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 so s\u00e1nh gi\u1eefa b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng cao hay b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng. L\u00f2ng tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00ec l\u00fd do ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n hay x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 di\u1ec5n ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c khi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eadn ra s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft\/t\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Do v\u1eady, t\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 khi tha th\u1ee9 cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Enright nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng khi ch\u00fang ta tha th\u1ee9, &#8220;ch\u00fang ta ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i; ch\u00fang ta coi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 nhau.&#8221; T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c tha th\u1ee9 cho th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n qu\u00e1 cao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9ng\/th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu c\u1ea3m x\u00fac t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gay g\u1eaft v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd hay kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe t\u1ed1i \u01b0u (v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi mong mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u00e2n c\u1ea7n\/nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn. Do \u0111\u00f3, l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9o theo s\u1ef1 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9ng hay k\u00e9m t\u00edch c\u1ef1c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t trong b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, ch\u00ednh t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u1edbi d\u1ec5 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng\/b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9ng. Khi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1\/ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t gay g\u1eaft v\u00ec nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m tin l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c &#8220;t\u1ef1 d\u00f9ng roi \u0111\u00e1nh m\u00ecnh&#8221; (self-flagellation) b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u00e9p t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i t\u00f4i\/b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng kh\u1ecfi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda. N\u1ebfu thi\u1ebfu kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu n\u00e0y s\u1ebd m\u00e3i m\u00e3i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u00e1c b\u1ecf. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n\/t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 an to\u00e0n v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 l\u00ean \u00e1n (self-condemnation), v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh suy ngh\u0129\/t\u01b0 duy, c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi sai l\u1ec7ch. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, s\u1ef1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n v\u1edbi con c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p con h\u1ecd t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ho\u1eb7c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu l\u00ean con c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 huynh c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n kh\u00f4ng mang t\u00ednh ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t hay tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t, m\u00e0 \u0111ong \u0111\u1ea7y l\u00f2ng t\u1ed1t, t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m d\u00e0nh cho con c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n\/t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea5y l\u00e2u nay v\u1eabn quen g\u1eafn b\u00f3, v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft &#8211; d\u00f9 cho c\u00f3 \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn hay kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n &#8211; \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n<p>C\u0169ng n\u00ean l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i (self-pity). Khi c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n th\u1ea5y th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ng\u1eaft k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i\/r\u1eddi xa kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 (&#8220;may qu\u00e1, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i&#8221;), c\u00f2n trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n th\u00ec c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5y k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i n\u1ebfm tr\u1ea3i (&#8220;n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng nh\u1edd v\u00e0o v\u1eadn may th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh r\u1ed3i&#8221;). T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, khi c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n th\u1ea5y t\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, h\u1ecd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eafm ch\u00ecm v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd m\u00e0 qu\u00ean m\u1ea5t r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111ang g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. H\u1ecd l\u1edd \u0111i m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi duy nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5, s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c cho m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m\/v\u1ecb k\u1ef7\/\u00edch k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i\/l\u00e0m t\u0103ng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n l\u1ea1i cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m li\u00ean quan c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3u l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c hay ng\u1eaft k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<p>L\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00f2n kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh\/\u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi n\u1ed7i \u0111au c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Trong khi t\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb cu\u1ed1n v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eafm ch\u00ecm ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n trong c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 &#8220;\u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c,&#8221; t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n qu\u00e1 ch\u00ecm \u0111\u1eafm trong ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 &#8211; v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i t\u00e2m tr\u00ed thay th\u1ebf &#8211; tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00ec nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb cho\u00e1n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ch\u1ee7 quan, n\u00ean m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1ch quan h\u01a1n. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c v\u1edbi c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 &#8220;kh\u00f4ng gian tinh th\u1ea7n&#8221; gi\u00fap m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u00f2ng t\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ra b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00f2n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh hay k\u00ecm n\u00e9n nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n\/th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n\/t\u1eeb bi\/th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m tinh th\u1ea7n c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m. Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 c\u1ef1c \u0111oan c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c hay qu\u00e1 t\u00ecnh t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac khi n\u00f3 ph\u00e1t sinh. Martin \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 &#8220;m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c duy tr\u00ec b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n hay l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng d\u1ecbu \u0111i ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t,&#8221; d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t, d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn\/ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 duy r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 linh ho\u1ea1t kh\u00f4ng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00fap mang l\u1ea1i c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Theo r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m\/l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00fa \u00fd\/t\u1eadp trung kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t, c\u1edfi m\u1edf m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa nh\u00e0 tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u-kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng (th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111a d\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi, th\u00e1o g\u1ee1\/gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3, hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n, ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd b\u1ecb \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng theo tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n<p>Khi c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n <em>kh\u00f4ng<\/em> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh theo \u0111\u00fang \u00fd ngh\u0129a\/t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0a n\u00f3 v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c, hay s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t v\u1edbi n\u1ed7i \u0111au, \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb cu\u1ed1n theo ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd. Ki\u1ec3u ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 hai th\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean qua \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 ch\u0103m ch\u0103m t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0 &#8220;nhai l\u1ea1i&#8221; c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m x\u00fac ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c v\u00e0o \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n (m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 &#8220;qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c&#8221; \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra) d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch qu\u00e1 kh\u1eaft khe v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c l\u00e0m t\u0103ng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c chia t\u00e1ch v\u00e0 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp, v\u00ec \u00fd th\u1ee9c b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n b\u1ecb khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f2n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng th\u00ec b\u1ecb l\u00e0m cho lu m\u1edd. Th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng may, vi\u1ec7c &#8220;nhai l\u1ea1i&#8221; hay nghi\u1ec1n ng\u1eabm, t\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch\/ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t\/chia ly \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 sai l\u1ec7ch nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee9ng tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, Hayes, Strosahl, v\u00e0 Wilson \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng suy ngh\u0129 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd thay v\u00ec c\u1ed1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00fang, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u1ea3m x\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh l\u1edbn h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Ba_khia_canh_cua_long_tu_trac_an\"><\/span>2. Ba kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, khi \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m \u0111au kh\u1ed5 ho\u1eb7c th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n g\u1ed3m ba th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n: (a) nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n (self-kindess) &#8211; th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn hay th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i thay v\u00ec \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n qu\u00e1 kh\u1eaft khe, (b) t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i\/l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o (common humanity) &#8211; nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n thay v\u00ec nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp, v\u00e0 (c) ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m &#8211; gi\u1eef nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111au kh\u1ed5 trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng thay v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c v\u1edbi ch\u00fang. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 kh\u01a1i d\u1eady l\u1eabn nhau. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eb1m cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ee7 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i\/l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ea3y sinh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp h\u01a1n v\u00e0o hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1ch quan\/kh\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch, ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp s\u1ef1 nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. Ngo\u00e0i ra, vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn quan \u0111i\u1ec3m (bi\u1ebft nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c) c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u1ecb k\u1ef7\/cho m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u00f4 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft l\u1eabn nhau.<\/p>\n<p>H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, s\u1ef1 nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap l\u00e0m t\u0103ng ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eebng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch m\u00f3c b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, th\u00ec \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ea3m x\u00fac s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt, nh\u1edd v\u1eady m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n &#8211; \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n kh\u1ecfi c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n c\u00f9ng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c n\u1eefa. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, vi\u1ec7c nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd gi\u00fap m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00fang tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c v\u1edbi ch\u00fang. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, s\u1ef1 nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i hay l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o c\u0169ng t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng\/c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 l\u1eabn nhau. Khi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 gay g\u1eaft, s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng cao s\u1ebd l\u00e0m t\u0103ng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u00f4 l\u1eadp. Tuy nhi\u00ean, l\u00f2ng t\u1ed1t\/s\u1ef1 t\u1eed t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n s\u1ebd xoa d\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u01a1n. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c san s\u1ebb c\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed5 l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t \u0111ang \u0111\u00e8 l\u00ean b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd, kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n h\u00f3a tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn, ngay c\u1ea3 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng v\u1eady.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Long_tu_trac_an_va_cac_cach_tiep_can_tam_ly\"><\/span>3. L\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u00e2m l\u00fd<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n l\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y trong nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u00ec nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian, n\u00ean ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 qua l\u1ea1i\/t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean\/t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1eabn s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1eafn t\u1eaft.<\/p>\n<p><em>M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/em><\/p>\n<p>S\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Judith Jordan, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u00ean m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. Jordan \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m (self-empathy) trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn), m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m\/l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t v\u00e0 c\u1edfi m\u1edf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. Trong quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m li\u00ean quan ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c g\u1eafn k\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Jordan vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u &#8220;tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh li\u00ean quan&#8221; v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c &#8220;ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chu \u0111\u00e1o, hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 t\u00e1i g\u1eafn k\u1ebft.&#8221; Do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Jordan v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ea7m ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n: s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i\/l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m. Jordan ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ed7, v\u00e0 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac k\u00e9o d\u00e0i trong s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh li\u00ean quan theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u00fap t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i t\u00e2m l\u00fd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Kh\u00f4ng may l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh, hay m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Jordan v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m. Ngo\u00e0i ra, v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, n\u00ean kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Jordan v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a <em>ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/em> thay v\u00ec tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m <em>nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/em> chung v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<p><em>T\u00e2m l\u00fd nh\u00e2n v\u0103n<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u0169ng c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n v\u0103n.\u00a0 V\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong <em>H\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi T\u00e2m l\u00fd B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, <\/em>Maslow \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn n\u1ed7i \u0111au c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u00d4ng \u1ea5y l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng &#8220;nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111a s\u1ed1 b\u1ec7nh t\u00e2m l\u00fd l\u00e0 n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n &#8211; s\u1ee3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u00f4i th\u00fac, k\u00fd \u1ee9c, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh&#8230; Nh\u00ecn chung, ki\u1ec3u n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 n\u00e0y mang t\u00ednh ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7\/che ch\u1edf, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.&#8221; Vi\u1ec7c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, gi\u00fap th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 Maslow g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 &#8220;nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c-B&#8221; &#8211; s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t, tha th\u1ee9, v\u00e0 y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t &#8211; \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. Theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1i m\u00e0 Rogers g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 &#8220;s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m t\u00edch c\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n&#8221; v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n &#8211; kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i theo ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 theo ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng\/quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea3m x\u00fac quan t\u00e2m v\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. Rogers c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n t\u1eed t\u1ebf v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u l\u1ea5y kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng l\u00e0m tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m, cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 &#8220;nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u01a1n, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, b\u1edbt gi\u1eef th\u1ebf th\u1ee7\/d\u00e8 d\u1eb7t h\u01a1n m\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1edfi m\u1edf h\u01a1n&#8230; tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111i theo nh\u1eefng chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.&#8221; T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, Snyder c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 gi\u00fap kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n &#8220;l\u00f2ng th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i&#8230; th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u00f2 m\u00f2 v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n [\u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m]&#8221;. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n cung c\u1ea5p cho c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 Ellis \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 &#8220;s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n,&#8221; trong \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng hay \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 Ellis tin l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i t\u00e2m l\u00fd: ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 &#8220;ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng&#8221; nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn trong \u0111\u1eddi, c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 tha th\u1ee9 cho nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, t\u00e2m l\u00fd nh\u00e2n v\u0103n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00e2m l\u00fd nh\u00e2n v\u0103n (v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00f3i chung) \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t v\u00ec qu\u00e1 thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n &#8211; v\u00ec nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c nhu c\u1ea7u t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, t\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o chung l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n kh\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u00e2n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c. L\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n\/t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u0169ng t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch thay v\u00ec l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<p><em>\u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh\/\u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/em><\/p>\n<p>C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u0169ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft c\u1ea3m x\u00fac (c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thay th\u1ebf cho nhau). \u0110i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft c\u1ea3m x\u00fac \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian k\u00edch th\u00edch c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ea3m x\u00fac khi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o c\u1ea3m x\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t theo kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh c\u1ea3m x\u00fac (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u01b0\u1eddi cho qua m\u1ecdi chuy\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec quan tr\u1ecdng), \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ph\u00f2ng ng\u1ef1 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1ea1c h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thay v\u00ec tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi ch\u00fang. Tuy nhi\u00ean, g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng, n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t h\u01a1n. Stanton c\u00f9ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 &#8220;ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ea3m x\u00fac&#8221; &#8211; trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u ch\u00fang &#8211; c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh t\u00e2m l\u00fd t\u00edch c\u1ef1c. L\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ea3m x\u00fac h\u1eefu \u00edch theo r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch. L\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn hay kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh m\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng t\u1ed1t\/s\u1ef1 t\u1eed t\u1ec3, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o chung\/t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c t\u00edch c\u1ef1c h\u01a1n, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\/b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0\/ho\u1eb7c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. V\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y, l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh quan tr\u1ecdng trong tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft suy ngh\u0129 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Long_tu_bi_voi_ban_than_so_voi_long_tu_trong\"><\/span>4. L\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n so v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o theo nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u00e2m l\u00fd li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi \u00edt c\u1ea1m b\u1eaby h\u01a1n. L\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m\/l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, trong \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1eed t\u1ebf\/l\u00f2ng t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh. N\u00f3 gi\u00fap th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y h\u00e0nh vi hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u00e2y suy y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee9ng tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 lo \u00e2u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n <em>kh\u00f4ng <\/em>d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t\/bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n hay v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, ho\u1eb7c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p\/t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng. Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m v\u00e0o c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c t\u1eeb bi\/tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh thay v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t\/\u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 (t\u00edch c\u1ef1c ho\u1eb7c ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 luy\u1ebfn v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 coi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c duy tr\u00ec l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng cao, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c thay v\u00ec t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ec5 t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n, v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c tham gia v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 so s\u00e1nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c coi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n kh\u00e1 h\u01a1n\/v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c) l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, vi\u1ec7c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng n\u00e2ng cao l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng cao l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00ec l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m phi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p\/nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ho\u1eb7c x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi khen t\u1eb7ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt\/kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf &#8211; m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3. L\u1eddi khen ng\u1ee3i kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt c\u00f2n nguy hi\u1ec3m \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00ec ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, k\u00e9m l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, vi\u1ec7c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n\/t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn ra nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t \u0111\u00f3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhu c\u1ea7u t\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00ecnh. Ngo\u00e0i ra, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n gi\u00fap m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb hay \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u00fd th\u1ee9c quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 mong mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i cho ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Long_tu_bi_voi_ban_than_va_chuc_nang_tam_ly\"><\/span>5. L\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 tin r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i tinh th\u1ea7n. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe t\u00e2m l\u00fd t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n th\u1ea5p, v\u00ec n\u1ed7i \u0111au v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 l\u00ean \u00e1n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n gay g\u1eaft, c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u00f4 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c v\u1edbi suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3\/\u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00f2n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u00edt tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m h\u01a1n, b\u1edbt lo \u00e2u \u0111i, \u00edt c\u1ea7u to\u00e0n v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n\/h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u01a1n. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn ho\u1eb7c th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i (v\u00ec l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m \u0111au kh\u1ed5), nh\u01b0ng l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u00edt g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu h\u01a1n. Vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed7i khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00ec c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n s\u1ebd c\u1ed1 ng\u0103n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua \u0111au kh\u1ed5 ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u. Do \u0111\u00f3, l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n s\u1ebd sinh ra nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ho\u1eb7c duy tr\u00ec ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i &#8211; v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u0103n theo ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh, ho\u1eb7c ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u00e2m v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9.<\/p>\n<p>L\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00f2n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e2m l\u00fd quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y h\u00e0nh vi. Deci v\u00e0 Ryan cho r\u1eb1ng &#8220;l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5&#8221; (\u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n hay k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t\/b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3\/con ng\u01b0\u1eddi) ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n khi h\u00e0nh vi mang t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u00ean trong thay v\u00ec b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed1i \u0111e \u0111\u1ecda hay ph\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1edfng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. V\u00ec c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 t\u1eeb bi cao c\u00f3 &#8220;l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5&#8221; cao h\u01a1n, n\u00ean ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 t\u1eeb bi th\u1ea5p. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y n\u00e0y c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1t huy \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng trong nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea1m vi, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o, tinh th\u00f4ng\/thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c (\u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 &#8220;m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp&#8221;) v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh t\u00edch\/s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n. Khi h\u1ecdc sinh sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o, tinh th\u00f4ng trong h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i b\u1edfi mong mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng m\u1edbi v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi, b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfu k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m vui th\u00fa trong h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh sinh vi\u00ean v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh t\u00edch l\u1ea1i l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng t\u1eeb mong mu\u1ed1n n\u00e2ng cao \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, ho\u1eb7c n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u00e1nh th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i (\u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u). V\u00ec c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n cao th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh t\u00edch, n\u00ean h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c thay v\u00ec th\u00e0nh t\u00edch trong c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n<p>L\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng cao m\u00e0 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i t\u00f4i\/b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh (\u0111\u01a1n c\u1eed nh\u01b0 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n), l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c\/kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. L\u00fd do l\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i che gi\u1ea5u nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t\/khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh kh\u1ecfi ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t qu\u00e1 kh\u1eaft khe. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m t\u00edch c\u1ef1c h\u01a1n &#8211; tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n\/t\u1eeb bi. \u0110\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i, t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m ch\u00fa \u00fd ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t t\u0103ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn v\u00e0 tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng hay li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. Do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n cao h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n r\u00f5 h\u01a1n, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1ee7i ro, v.v.<\/p>\n<p>L\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh hai ki\u1ec3u, m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 xoay quanh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, trong \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t \u1edf kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh c\u1ea3m x\u00fac. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00eau b\u1eadt c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 &#8220;ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ea3m x\u00fac,&#8221; li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u, v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m x\u00fac theo c\u00e1ch th\u00edch nghi t\u00e2m l\u00fd. V\u00ec v\u1eady, l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ea3m x\u00fac cao h\u01a1n thay v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 theo ki\u1ec3u n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh c\u1ea3m x\u00fac. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n bi\u1ebft l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng th\u00eam m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn r\u1eddi b\u1ecf n\u00f3), v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u b\u01b0\u1edbc &#8220;t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 &#8221; \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Nhung_khac_biet_ve_long_tu_bi_voi_ban_than_theo_ca_nhan_va_nhom\"><\/span>6. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n theo c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u00fa v\u1ecb li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, s\u1ef1 d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7\/gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c s\u1edbm c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1edbn l\u00ean v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n hay kh\u00f4ng. Schafer \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t r\u1eb1ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n &#8211; \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n &#8211; \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00f4ng qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m h\u00f3a ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m khi c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, Stolorow, Brandchaft, v\u00e0 Atwood \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m m\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em t\u1eebng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u0103m s\u00f3c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u1ea5m \u00e1p v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u1edbi cha m\u1eb9 m\u00ecnh khi c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn cha m\u1eb9 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u th\u00ec khi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n cao h\u01a1n. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 huynh l\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea1t v\u00e0 c\u1ef1c k\u00ec kh\u00f3 t\u00ednh\/kh\u1eaft khe\/hay ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch (ho\u1eb7c t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 b\u1ecb l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd, t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c, th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c khi c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf) s\u1ebd c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u00edt t\u1ef1 tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n\/t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u00fa v\u1ecb kh\u00e1c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i hay kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i, gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh hay v\u0103n h\u00f3a. V\u00ec n\u1eef gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd th\u1ee9c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau\/t\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ee3 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u01a1n v\u00e0 hay \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m h\u01a1n nam gi\u1edbi, n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i y\u1ebfu c\u0169ng cao h\u01a1n c\u00e1nh m\u00e0y r\u00e2u. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng n\u1eef gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch\/ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 nghi\u1ec1n ng\u1eabm l\u00e2u h\u01a1n nam gi\u1edbi, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng n\u1eef gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. M\u1ed9t m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t sinh khi xem x\u00e9t nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u0103n h\u00f3a ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. V\u00ec c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng v\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c1, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n th\u00f4ng qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u0103n h\u00f3a, n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c1 c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n cao h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c1 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c1 \u00edt t\u1ef1 tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh h\u01a1n. Trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7n nay, kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 li\u1ec7u s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n\/t\u1ef1 t\u1eeb bi l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap hay c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf b\u1edfi gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n theo nh\u00f3m tu\u1ed5i, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng\/d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh: C\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean l\u00e0 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean &#8211; t\u00ednh h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ed9i gia t\u0103ng, si\u00eau nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c (metacognition), t\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh\/nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn quan \u0111i\u1ec3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i &#8211; c\u0169ng mang theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m. Nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean s\u1ebd li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c khi h\u1ecd c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp danh t\u00ednh v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng m\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t &#8211; c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng v\u00ec th\u00e0nh t\u00edch h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0 &#8220;h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp&#8221; v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 \u0111\u1ed3ng trang l\u1ee9a ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 (b\u1ecb khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i do d\u1eady th\u00ec), h\u1eb9n h\u00f2, t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c, v.v., &#8211; nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ch\u1ec9 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh. &#8220;T\u00ednh v\u1ecb k\u1ec9 thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean&#8221; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 &#8220;kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng&#8221; &#8211; trong \u0111\u00f3 thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1eb1ng ngo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi &#8211; ho\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 &#8220;truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n&#8221; m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean tin r\u1eb1ng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua. T\u00ednh v\u1ecb k\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng t\u1ef1 ch\u00ea tr\u00e1ch\/ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t t\u0103ng, c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c b\u1ecb c\u00f4 l\u1eadp, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c v\u1edbi c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n l\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00ec nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1t \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng cao l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ph\u00e1i y\u1ebfu (Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef M\u1ef9). Tuy nhi\u00ean, tr\u1edb tr\u00eau thay, vi\u1ec7c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. N\u1ebfu thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. Th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng may, vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n l\u1ea1i li\u00ean quan m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m cao \u1edf thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ef1 t\u1eed. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p can thi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c xu h\u01b0\u1edbng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ed5i m\u00e0 \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u1ea1y nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng \u0111a s\u1ed1 thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_Ket_luan\"><\/span>7. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, tuy r\u1eb1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1edbi trong ph\u1ea1m vi t\u00e2m l\u00fd ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 th\u00eam v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe tinh th\u1ea7n. L\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay th\u1ebf h\u1eefu \u00edch cho c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng, v\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00fd do \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tranh lu\u1eadn \u1edf tr\u00ean. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ef1 tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay th\u1ebf cho vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u00e1 t\u00ednh h\u00f3a m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch trong nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe tinh th\u1ea7n. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1eb1ng sau l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n l\u00e0, th\u1eadt ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd, nh\u1eefng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng\/\u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9 c\u00e1i t\u00f4i ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, thay v\u00ec thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. L\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u00ean cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa vi\u1ec7c quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd t\u1ed1i \u01b0u. S\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecd c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed1i d\u00e0nh cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u1edbi m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, hay ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p gi\u1eefa c\u1ea3 hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng t\u1ed1t\/s\u1ef1 t\u1eed t\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n\/t\u1eeb bi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n l\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch sai l\u1ea7m v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, nh\u01b0ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c k\u00ec h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n. Vi\u1ec7c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00ean \u0111em l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u00fap h\u1ecd ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n\/ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch mang t\u00ednh h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n minh\/r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh th\u1ea3n h\u01a1n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ra\/c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00ec n\u00f3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang t\u1ed1t b\u1ee5ng\/t\u1eed t\u1ebf h\u01a1n, b\u1edbt ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00ecnh \u0111i, \u00edt b\u1ecb c\u00f4 l\u1eadp h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<p><u>L\u01b0u \u00fd<\/u><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>C\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn \u0111ang trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/li>\n<li>Ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 lu\u1eadn \u00e1n g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Clark m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n thang \u0111o s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Jordan.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ed9i d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a thang \u0111o ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o hai kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, &#8220;t\u00f4i c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n v\u1edbi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh&#8221;; &#8220;t\u00f4i c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n v\u1edbi c\u1ea3m x\u00fac h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh&#8221;; &#8220;t\u00f4i kh\u00f3c ch\u1eb3ng v\u00ec l\u00fd do g\u00ec&#8221;) v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn\/bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m x\u00fac (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, &#8220;khi ai \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m t\u00f4i th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3&#8221;; &#8220;t\u00f4i l\u1eafng nghe ti\u1ebfng l\u00f2ng m\u00ecnh&#8221;; &#8220;t\u00f4i l\u00e0m theo linh t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh khi \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh&#8221;). Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c d\u00e0nh cho thang \u0111o t\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Jordan, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tri\u1ec3n khai c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao nhi\u00eau ph\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m nh\u01b0 Jordan \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eadp v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ef1 tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh cho ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i t\u00e2m l\u00fd. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t thang \u0111o t\u1ef1 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o gi\u00fap \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng ba kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n: nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><em>(D\u1ecbch t\u1eeb b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft Self-Compassion: An Alternative Conceptualization of a HealthyAttitudeToward Oneself, website: self-compassion.org &#8211; t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: KRISTIN NEFF. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch: H\u1ea3i Anh, c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c vi\u00ean d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt)<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>B\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n\/t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n (self-compassion). T\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n bao g\u1ed3m ba th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh: (a) nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh (self-kindness) &#8211; th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn hay th\u1ea5t &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":12403,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[160],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>T\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n: Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m thay th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh &#8226; Ki\u1ebfn c\u00e0ng<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/kiencang.net\/tu-bi-voi-ban-than\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"vi_VN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"T\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n: Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m thay th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh &#8226; Ki\u1ebfn c\u00e0ng\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"B\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n\/t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n (self-compassion). T\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n bao g\u1ed3m ba th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh: (a) nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh (self-kindness) &#8211; th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn hay th\u1ea5t &hellip;\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/kiencang.net\/tu-bi-voi-ban-than\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Ki\u1ebfn c\u00e0ng\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:author\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/anhducnguyen87\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-05-28T08:54:30+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2019-05-29T05:00:02+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/kiencang.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/hoa-hong.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"640\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"440\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ee9c Anh\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1edfi\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ee9c Anh\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"\u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ecdc\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"81 ph\u00fat\" \/>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"T\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n: Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m thay th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh &#8226; Ki\u1ebfn c\u00e0ng","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/kiencang.net\/tu-bi-voi-ban-than\/","og_locale":"vi_VN","og_type":"article","og_title":"T\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n: Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m thay th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh &#8226; Ki\u1ebfn c\u00e0ng","og_description":"B\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n\/t\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n (self-compassion). T\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n bao g\u1ed3m ba th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh: (a) nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh (self-kindness) &#8211; th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn hay th\u1ea5t &hellip;","og_url":"https:\/\/kiencang.net\/tu-bi-voi-ban-than\/","og_site_name":"Ki\u1ebfn c\u00e0ng","article_author":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/anhducnguyen87\/","article_published_time":"2019-05-28T08:54:30+00:00","article_modified_time":"2019-05-29T05:00:02+00:00","og_image":[{"width":640,"height":440,"url":"https:\/\/kiencang.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/hoa-hong.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ee9c Anh","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1edfi":"Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ee9c Anh","\u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ecdc":"81 ph\u00fat"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/kiencang.net\/tu-bi-voi-ban-than\/","url":"https:\/\/kiencang.net\/tu-bi-voi-ban-than\/","name":"T\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n: Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m thay th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh &#8226; Ki\u1ebfn c\u00e0ng","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/kiencang.net\/#website"},"datePublished":"2019-05-28T08:54:30+00:00","dateModified":"2019-05-29T05:00:02+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/kiencang.net\/#\/schema\/person\/5e7e1a04d8d1218ad8c421ba43d25c16"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/kiencang.net\/tu-bi-voi-ban-than\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"vi","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/kiencang.net\/tu-bi-voi-ban-than\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/kiencang.net\/tu-bi-voi-ban-than\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/kiencang.net\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"T\u1eeb bi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n: Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m thay th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/kiencang.net\/#website","url":"https:\/\/kiencang.net\/","name":"Ki\u1ebfn c\u00e0ng","description":"\u00d4m l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, h\u00f4n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/kiencang.net\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"vi"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/kiencang.net\/#\/schema\/person\/5e7e1a04d8d1218ad8c421ba43d25c16","name":"Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ee9c Anh","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"vi","@id":"https:\/\/kiencang.net\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/6d71f9b89393952a8382e30dad26c1ec?s=96&d=monsterid&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/6d71f9b89393952a8382e30dad26c1ec?s=96&d=monsterid&r=g","caption":"Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ee9c Anh"},"description":"Sinh n\u0103m 1987, t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p Cao \u0111\u1eb3ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh FPT qu\u00e3ng 2014, chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf website. T\u00f4i th\u00edch Content, SEO, Ads, T\u0103ng t\u1ed1c website v\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh b\u00e0i t\u1ef1 vi\u1ebft, t\u00f4i c\u0169ng d\u1ecbch nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed9i dung th\u00fa v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c nhau. FB c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n: facebook.com\/anhducnguyen87. Email li\u00ean h\u1ec7: guiemailchotoi@gmail.com","sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/anhducnguyen87\/"],"url":"https:\/\/kiencang.net\/author\/admin\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kiencang.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12398"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kiencang.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kiencang.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kiencang.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kiencang.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12398"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/kiencang.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12398\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kiencang.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/12403"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kiencang.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12398"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kiencang.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12398"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kiencang.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12398"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}